Sugarcane

Sugarcane is a crop grown for sugar and MSG raw materials. These plants can only grow in tropical climates. These plants include herbaceous species. Age of the plant since grown to be harvested accounted for approximately 1 year. In Indonesia sugarcane is cultivated in many islands of Java and Sumatra.

For the manufacture of sugar, sugarcane has been harvested by machine squeezed squeezer (press machine) in a sugar factory. After that, juice or sugar cane juice is filtered, boiled, and bleached to become white sugar as we know it. From the manufacturing process of sugar cane will be produced 5%, 90% bagasse and the remainder in the form of drops (molasse) and water.

Sugarcane leaves are dried (in the Java language, dadhok) is biomass that has a high enough caloric value. Mothers in rural areas often use dadhok it as fuel for cooking; in addition to saving the more expensive kerosene, fuel is also fast heat.

In the energy conversion of sugar factories, cane leaves and sugar cane pulp is used for boiler fuel, which is used for process steam production and power generation.

In some areas of sugarcane juice is often used as a drink of fresh release tired, sugar cane juice is quite good for health because it can increase glucose. one of the places that sell ice in around Jember yatu cane.

SUGAR CANE CROP CULTIVATION
(Saccharum officinarum)

I. GROWTH CONDITIONS

1.1. Climate

a) The rain is equally necessary after the plants were 8 months and this requirement is reduced until the harvest.

b) The plant grows well in hot and humid climates. Good moisture for plant growth is> 70%

c) The temperature ranges between 28-34 degrees C.

1.2. Planting Media

a) Land which the best is the fertile soil and enough water but not stagnant

b) If the land planted in rice fields with irrigation water is easy on the set but if planted in a field / soil dry rainfed cultivation should be done in the rainy season.

1.3. Altitude Places

Height of a good place for growing sugar cane is 500-500 m above sea level.

II. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR CULTIVATION

2.1. Nurseries

Seedlings will be planted in the form

(1) seedling shoots,
(2) young stems of seedlings,
(3) seedlings rayungan and
(4) seed siwilan

a) Seedling shoots

Seeds taken from the shoots of sugarcane to be milled was 12 months. Number of eyes (new shoots will be) taken along the 20 cm 2-3. Dry leaves that wrap the stem is not disposed to protect the eye cane.
The cost of seed is more expensive because it requires no seeding, seed easily transported because they do not easily damaged, the top seed growth does not require much water. Use of seedling shoots can only be done if the garden has berporduksi.

b) Seeds young stems

Known also as the raw seeds / seedlings krecekan. Derived from plants 5-7 months old. The whole sugarcane can be taken and made three cuttings. Each cutting consisted of 2-3 buds. To get the seeds, cut the plant, leaf rod wrapping is not removed. 1 hectare nursery plants can produce seeds mule for 10 acres.


c) rayungan Seeds (1 or 2 shoots)

Seeds extracted from sugar cane plants for nurseries that grow shoots in the form of cuttings but the roots have not come out. These seeds are made by:

1. Removing the leaves so that growth is not inhibited buds
2. Sugarcane stems trimmed 1 month prior to seed rayungan used.
3. Sugarcane plants cultivated as much as 50 kg / ha

These seeds need a lot of water and seedlings grow faster than mules. 1 hectare nursery plants can produce seeds rayungan to 10 hectares of sugarcane.
Rayungan seedling shoots weakness is often damaged during transport and can not be stored long as seedlings mule.


d) Seeds siwilan

Seeds are taken from new shoots of plants that bud is dead. Treatment of seeds with seed rayungan siwilan.


2.2. Media Processing Plant

There are two kinds of ways to prepare the way sugarcane plantations Reynoso and plows.

2.2.1. Preparation

Known also by Cemplongan and performed in paddy soil. In this way the soil is not completely processed, which dug a hole just using the earnings

2.2.2. Land Opening

a) The wetland sized plot of 1,000 m2 made. Trenches longitudinal, transverse created with width of 50 cm and within 50 cm. The next round is made trenches within 1.3 m from the edge of the land.

b) the planting hole is made in the form of a trench with a depth of 35 cm with the distance between the planting hole (trench) as far as 1 m. Soil excavation stacked on top of the planting hole to form between the bolt guludan. After planting, the soil guludan it moved again to its original place.

2.3. Planting Technique

2.3.1. Determination of Planting Pattern

Generally, sugarcane is planted in monoculture in the month of June to August (on the ground berpengairan) or at the end of the rainy season (in moor land / rainfed).

There are two ways of planting sugarcane in the brook and in the planting hole. In the first way the seeds are placed along the brook, 2-3 cm thick covered the ground and watered. This method is mostly done Reynoso plantation house. The second way the seeds are placed transversely along solokan planting distance 30-40 cm. In both ways on the seed cane is placed in a way recline.

Seeds are needed in a hectare is 20,000 seeds.

2.3.2. Planting Method

Before planting, the soil watered the seeds can be anchored to the ground.

a) Seedling cuttings (pieces of sugar cane) planted huddled lengthwise so that the number of tillers produced much. It takes 70,000 seeds cuttings / ha.

b) To seed mule / generation, soil underlined the depth of 5-10 cm, the seedlings are put into it with eyes facing sideways and then backfilled with soil seeds.

For the one-eyed rayungan seeds, buried seeds and shoots exposed to the side with a slope of 45 degrees, while for a double-edged rayungan buried seeds and shoots exposed to the side with a depth of 1 cm.

One day after planting, watering done if no rain. Watering should not be too late but also not be too much.

3.4. Maintenance of Plant

2.4.1. Thinning and Stitching

a) Embroidery first to plant the seeds derived from a one-eyed rayungan performed 5-7 days after planting. Seeds prepared rayungan embroidery near the plants of doubtful growth. After the plants watered. Stitching the two performed 3-4 weeks after the first stitching.

b) Embroidery for plants from the seeds of a double-edged rayungan performed three weeks after planting (3-4 leaf plants strands). Embroidery taken from inventory by dismantling plant seeds and roots and soil surrounding solid. Seedlings that died revoked, the hole filled with loose soil taken from guludan dried, ground seeds are planted and watered and finally backfilled soil. Watered and compacted soil again.

c) embroidery for plants from seed shoots. Stitching first performed at week 3. Stitching together the two performed by fertilizing and watering into two ie 1.5 months after planting. Both stitching is done in the same way with point (b) above.

d) Extra Stitching done if necessary a few days before pembumbunan to 6. The existence of extra stitching shows how poor planting.

e) Stitching demolition. Should only be done if there is a natural disaster or attack a disease that causes 50% of dead plants.

Healthy plants that have been dismantled with great caution and wear menyulan dead plants. Cut the leaves of plants embroidery that evaporation is not too much, and fertilize 100-200 kg / ha.

2.4.2. Weeding

Weeding done simultaneously with the current land pembubunan and done several times depending on the growth of weeds. Eradication of weeds with herbicides in the garden held in August to November with a mixture of 2-4 and 3-4 Kg 80 Kg Gesapas Hedanol power.

2.4.3. Pembubunan

Before pembubunan to saturate the soil should be watered so that soil structure is not damaged.

a) Pembumbunan first performed at the age of 3-4 weeks. Bumbunan thick should not be more than 5-8 cm evenly. The segment should be buried in the ground so that seeds do not dry out quickly.

b) Pembumbun to the two performed at the age of 2 months.

c) Pembumbuna all three done at age 3 months.

2.4.4. Perempalan

Leaves must be removed so that the joints of cane sugar cane leaves dry clean and avoid fires. Along with the release of dry leaves, sugarcane seedlings are not doing well disposed. Perempalan first performed at 4 months after planting and the second when the cane was 6-7 months.

2.4.5. Fertilization

Fertilization is done twice: (1) the time of planting or until 7 days after planting with a dose of 7 grams of urea, 8 grams of TSP and 35 grams of KCl per plant (120 kg urea, 160 kg TSP and 300 kg KCl / ha). And (2 ) at 30 days after fertilization to one with 10 grams of urea per plant or 200 kg of urea per hectare.

Manure fertilizer is placed in the hole (made with drill) as far as 70-10 cm from the seed and the soil. After fertilizing all plots immediately watered so that fertilizer is not out of the root zone of sugarcane. Fertilizing and watering should be done in one day.

In order sugar cane rendeman high, use of growth regulators such as Cytozyme (1 liter / ha) given twice at 45 and 75 HST.

2.4.6. Irrigation and Watering

Watering is done by a variety of ways:

a) Water from the dam flows through the channel planting.

b) Watering the planting hole when the cane is still young. When 3-month-old plants, watering again carried through the channels of the garden.

c) Water spray is taken from the irrigation channels and splashed onto the plants.

d) stem-gutter drains so that water flows into the planting hole.

Watering done at the time:
a) Time of planting
b) Plants located on the vegetative growth phase
c) Maturation.

2.5. Pests and Diseases

2.5.1. Pest

a) The striped stem Borer (Proceras cacchariphagus), shiny stem borer (Chilitrae auricilia), gray stem borer (Eucosma schismacaena), yellow stem borer (Chilotraea infuscatella), pink stem borer (Sesmia inferens)

Symptoms: leaves that are open have khlorosis at the base; the onslaught, leaf shape changed, there are dots or red stripes on the base of the leaf; some leaves can not grow anymore; sometimes stems to rot and smell bad . Control: by injecting insecticide Furadan 3G (0.5 kg / ha) at 3-5 months old plants. Injections made if there are 400 plants in one hectare fell ill.

b) Mice
Control: with gropyokan together or pengemposan sulfur in holes inhabited by rats.

2.5.2. Disease

a) Pokkahbung

Cause: Gibbrela moniliformis. The part that is the leaf attacked, at an advanced stage can strike trunk. Symptoms: There is a red stain on khlorosis spots in leaves, scattered holes in the leaves, so that leaves can be torn, leaves do not open (deformed shape), dark red stripes on the trunk, swollen joint. Control: wear-resistant seeds, insecticides starve pengembusan Bordeaux 1% and copper lime flour.

b) Dongkelan

Cause: The fungus Marasnius sach-day attack is part of the inner tissues of plants and seeds in dederan / nursery. Symptoms: old plant in clumps die suddenly, the old leaves dry out, then the young leaves, the leaves become yellowish-green color and there is a layer of mushrooms such as paper around the stem. Control: the soil is kept dry.

c) Yellow Stains

Cause: The fungus Cercospora kopkei. The part that attacked leaves and part-this part with high humidity. Symptoms: pale yellow spots on young leaves which turn bright yellow. Blood-red stains arise irregularly; the bottom covered with a layer puiih dirty. Dead leaves somewhat blackish in color. Control: is with a slash and burn the affected leaves. Then spray with flour sulfur plus potassium permanganate.

d) Diseases of pineapple
Cause: Ceratocytis paradoxa is a fungus. Part of being attacked are the seeds that have been cut. Symptoms: red mixed with black pieces in place, smells like pineapple. Control: wounds or cuts are ter disinfection with 0.25% acetic fenylraksa.

e) Noda ring

The part that attacked leaves, more in humid areas than dry areas. Cause: The fungus Heptosphaeria sacchari, Helmintosporium sachhari, Phyllsticta saghina. Symptoms: dark green stains under the leaf blade, the center of the stain becomes brown; the attacks continued, a clear brown, dry leaves. Control: pull out and burn diseased plants.

f) Rot seedlings

Part of being attacked are the seeds of plants with symptoms of yellow and wilt. Causes: bacteria. Symptoms: newly planted seeds rotting and books gray to black. Control: healthy seeds to plant, improvement of drainage systems, as well as the soil is kept dry.

g) Blendok

The part that is attacked leaves 1.5 to 2-month-old young plants during the dry season. Cause: Xanthomonas albilicans. Symptoms: khlorosis found on the leaves; the onslaught of all the green and white striped leaves; tumbah point and shoots red. Control: Planting resistant seedlings (2878 POY, POY 3016), Perform disinfection of the cutters seeds, soak the seeds in hot water 52.5 ° C and dried seeds lonjoran 1-2 days.

h) mosaic virus
Cause: Viruses. Control: keep host plants, seeds removed and burnt sore.

2.6. Harvest

2.6.1. Characteristics and Harvest

Age depending on the type of sugar cane harvesting:
a) Varieties genjah optimum cooking in <12 months
b) Varieties are being cooked optimally in 12-14 months
c) Varieties in optimum cooking at> 14 months.

Harvesting is done in August when rendeman (percentage of sugar cane) the maximum achievable.

artikel from : wikipwdia and http://harizamrry.com/2007/06/penanaman-tebu/
picture from : bahanbakuindustri.com